Tag: Guam

  • Walau tertunda, pemimpin Guam tetap ingin referendum dekolonisasi

    Gubernur Guam, Eddie Calvo - Office of the Governor of Guam
    Gubernur Guam, Eddie Calvo – Office of the Governor of Guam

    Nabire, Jubi – Gubernur Guam dalam pidato resmi tahunannya Senin (6/3) lalu menyatakan disamping dukungannya untuk memercepat proyek-proyek pembangunan, namun mengaku masih berhutang atas pelaksanaan pemungutan suara dekolonisasi Guam yang tertunda hingga 2018 mendatang.

    Eddie Calvo, Gubernur Guam dua periode memaparkan rencana akhir tahunnya di dalam pernyataan tersebut. Proyek modernisasi rumah sakit wilayah itu senilai US$100 juta dan rencana membangun kembali Hagåtña, distrik ibukota pulau itu.

    Calvo juga menyatakan kembali komitmennya terhadap satu janji utama di masa kekuasaannya, yaitu menyelenggarakan plebisit atas masa depan politik teritori itu.

    Namun, Calvo mengakui penundaan pemungutan suara terjadi karena beberapa hal menyangkut ketidakpastian hukum, seperti persyaratan pendaftaran dan pemungutan suara, dan tantangan dihadapan pengadilan federal.

    Meskipun pelebisit (referendum) tahun lalu gagal, Calvo berusaha menyakinkan keinginannya untuk menyelenggarakan pemungutan suara di akhir masa jabatan gubernurnya.

    Guam, sebuah pulau berbentuk pisang sepanjang 50km, adalah wilayah koloni Amerika Serikat sebagai rampasan perang setelah Perang Spanyol-Amerika 1898 dan, terlepas dari pendudukan brutal Jepang selama Perang Dunia II, Guam masih menjadi bagian Washington sejak saat itu.

    Status resmi Guam adalah ‘wilayah tak-berbadan (hukum)’ bersama dengan wilayah-wilayah seperti Northern Marianas, American Samoa, Puerto Rico dan US Virgin Islands. Walaupun menjadi warga negara Amerika Serikat, rakyatnya tidak boleh memilih Presiden, hal-hak dalam Konstitusi AS tidak berlaku, dan satu-satunya delegasi mereka di Kongres AS tidak punya hak suara.

    Secara teknis Guam dimiliki AS, yang oleh Calvo dalam pidato tahunannya awal 2016 lalu menyebutnya sebagai “sebuah bentuk kolonialisme yang tidak dapat dibiarkan.”

    “Inilah saatnya kita mengonfrontasi fakta bahwa hampir 400 tahun kita berada di bawah kolonial,” tegas Calvo. “Sekarang kepercayaan diri mungkin dapat menjadi pemicu yang mengubah negara kolonial sekali dan selamanya.”

    Pendidikan politik atas tiga skenario masa depan Guam

    Plebisit dekolonisasi Guam yang tertunda kemungkinan akan dilakukan pada 2018 mendatang.

    Kontroversi terkait siapa yang berhak memberikan suara dan kekhawatiran bahwa para pemilih tidak memahami opsi-opsi di hadapan mereka dituding sebagai penyebab penundaan.

    Guam telah disiapkan untuk menyelenggarakan plebisit tidak-mengikat sejak tahun 1980, yang akan mengajukan tiga opsi kepada pemilih atas masa depan pulau Mikronesia mereka itu.

    Opsi-opsi tersebut adalah menjadi negara bagian AS, merdeka, atau menjadi asosiasi bebas bersama AS.

    Guna memberi pendidikan politik pada pemilih terkait masing-masing opsi itu, tiga satuan tugas telah dibentuk sejak tahun 1997.

    Satuan tugas Merdeka dituduh menunda-nunda plebisit tahun ini, namun ketuaa satgas Victoria-Lola Leon Guerrero membantah bahwa hukum Guam lah yang mensyaratkan agar plebisit diselenggarakan bersamaan dengan pemilu gubernur.

    “Jadi apa yang ditawarkan gubernur itu ilegal karena melanggar hukum plebisit Guam sendiri,” ujar Leon Guerrero.

    Menurut dia atas alasan itulah mereka menolaknya, dan mereka juga tidak setuju masyarakat didorong-dorong dengan terburu-buru untuk memilih sesuatu.

    Masyarakat asli Chamorro, Guamanians dan para turunannya yang ‘dinaturalisasi’ oleh UU Organik 1950 mendapatkan hak memilih, namun, saat ini sedang dijegal di pengadilan AS oleh penduduk lama Amerika di Guam yang menganggap Guam tidak dapat masuk dalam daftar dekolonisasi.

    Sebanyak 13,192 rakyat mendaftar hingga pertengahan Desember tahun lalu, sementara 52 ribu orang sudah lebih dulu teregistrasi pada pemilihan umum November.

    Ketua Satgas Asosiasi Bebas Adrian Cruz mengatakan ketiga kelompok satgas sedang bekerja bersama untuk mengedukasi masyarakat akan pentingnya plebisit.

    “Jadi itulah tugas pertama. Hingga sekitar enam atau tujuh bulan sebelum pemilu sebenarnya berlangsung saat itulah kami menyatakan opsi kami masing-masing dengan lebih jelas (termasuk perbedaan-perbedaannya),” ujarnya sambil menambahkan bahwa yang terpenting saat ini adalah masyarakat mengerti alasan kenapa mereka mesti memilih.

    Ketua Satgas Negara Bagian Eloy P. Hara mengatakan menjadi negara (bagian) AS akan memberikan kemungkinan bagi militer AS melindungi perikanan Guam dari pengaruh Cina yang makin besar di kawasan itu.

    “Cina sudah menyatakan akan bergerak untuk ‘ambil alih’ Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Mereka sudah menggelontorkan uang ke pemerintah FSM,” ujar Hara.

    “Sebagai negara bagian kita bisa meminta militer untuk menjaga zona ekonomi. Sekarang Cina, Korea sedang masuk dan kita tidak bisa melindungi diri.”

    Dengan jumlah personil militer AS di Guam dari 6000 menjadi 11 ribu yang direlokasi dari Jepang, Cruz mengatakan Asosiasi Bebas akan menjadikan Guam bangsa berdaulat dengan hak suara untuk meminta kehadiran militer Amerika.

    Namun ancaman sepihak militer AS saat ini yang merencanakan wilayah Guam jadi tempat pelatihan militer membuat Cruz meragukan pernyataannya sendiri. “Itu menunjukkan lagi bagaimana militer bisa lakukan apapun semau mereka,” katra Cruz.

    Sementara Guam yang merdeka, kata Leon Guerrero, akan memiliki kekuatan lebih besar untuk bernegosiasi dengan posisi-posisi yang lebih setara dengan militer AS, termasuk pengembalian tanah pertanian mereka yang paling subur (yang diduduki militer AS).

    Untuk diketahui Federated States of Micronesia bergabung sebagai Asosiasi Bebas dengan AS, demikian pula Kepulauan Marshall di tahun 1986 dan Palau di tahun 1994.(*)

     

  • Guam decolonisation, Trump and China

    A decolonisation plebiscite on Guam that was due to be held last month is likely to be deferred to 2018.

    Controversy over who was eligible to vote and fears voters wouldn’t understand their options have been blamed for the postponement.

    The delay means the US colony’s plebiscite could be held during the first term of President Trump, whose reaction to the result may depend on his stance towards China.

    Guam is strategically important to the United States, housing both an Air Force and Navy base. Here, a US F-16 flies along the island's coastline.
    Guam is strategically important to the United States, housing both an Air Force and Navy base. Here, a US F-16 flies along the island’s coastline. Photo: US Department of Defense

     

    An unincorporated territory of the United States, Guam has been poised to hold the non-binding plebiscite since the 1980s that would give voters a choice of three options for their Micronesian island.

    Become a US state, independence, or free association with the US.

    To educate voters about each option three taskforces were established in 1997.

    The Independence Taskforce had been accused of delaying this year’s plebiscite, but its co-chair Victoria-Lola Leon Guerrero said Guam law required it to be held in conjunction with a gubernatorial election.

    Victoria-Lola Leon Guerrero.
    Victoria-Lola Leon Guerrero. Photo: Guampedia

    “So what the governor had been proposing was illegal because it was in violation of Guam’s own decolonisation plebiscite laws,” said Ms Leon Guerrero.

    “That’s what we were opposed to. We were also opposed to our community being rushed to vote on something,” she said.

    “We were just interested in ensuring that our community was informed. That we together were all educating each other on what would be best for Guam.”

    The indigenous Chamorro, Guamanians and their decendants nativised by the Organic Act of 1950 are able to vote in the plebiscite, however, that is being challenged in a US court by a long-term American resident of Guam deemed ineligible to join the decolonisation registry.

    13,192 people had joined the registry by mid-December, while about 52 thousand people were registered to vote in November’s general election.

    Chair of the Free Association Taskforce Adrian Cruz said the three groups would now join forces to educate Guam on the importance of the plebiscite.

    “So that’s the first task. Once we get maybe within about six to seven months before the actual election is when we are really going to try to make our particular option a little more clear,” he said.

    “But the first thing we’ve all agreed to do is get people to be educated about why they should vote in general.”

    Co-chair of the Statehood Taskforce Eloy P. Hara said becoming a state would allow the US military to protect Guam’s fisheries as China seeks greater influence in the region.

    “The Chinese are already starting to move to try to take over the Federated States of Micronesia. They’re already loaning money to the FSM government,” said Mr Hara.

    “As a state we can ask the military to enforce the economic zone. Right now the Chinese, the Koreans they come in and we have no way of protecting ourselves.”

    Adrian Cruz
    Adrian Cruz Photo: Michael Lujan Bevacqua

     

    With the number of US military personnel on Guam set to surge from six to 11 thousand as troops are relocated from Japan, Mr Cruz said free association would make Guam a sovereign nation with a say on America’s military presence.

    He said most Guamanians have cultural and family ties to America and its military, but a recent decision to convert a culturally significant area into a live firing range made some reconsider the relationship.

    “It demonstrated again how the military could unilaterally do things without our input,” said Mr Cruz.

    “We’ve all seen the news from Okinawa and the protests and the grievances that they have and now we’re going to be in their shoes so to speak,” he said.

    “That really made people think twice. It really gave impetus to the decolonisation movement.”

    An independent Guam would have even more power to negotiate an equitable arrangement with the US military, according to Ms Leon Guerrero, which could include the return of the island’s most fertile farm land.

    She said the election of President Trump had driven a surge of interest in the independence option given Guam would be at the forefront of a US-China war.

    “Why would China have missiles called the Guam Killers? Because they see the United States’ presence here as an aggressive presence that’s directed at them,” said Ms Leon Guerrero.

    “So those kinds of things are very terrifying that somebody like Donald Trump would make those kinds of decisions,” she said.

    “Whether or not that country goes to war we will probably be the place that gets attacked and that’s really terrifying for such a small community.”

    Mr Hara, who served in the US Navy, said becoming a state would drive infrastructure development on Guam to support an even larger military presence.

    Eloy P. Hara
    Eloy P. Hara Photo: Statehood Taskforce, Guam

     

    “If they build Guam sufficiently the war can be fought from here instead of being fought from the mainland US, just like they did during the second world war,” he said.

    “Common sense would dictate that – hey, let’s build up Guam, let’s fight the war over there if we’re fighting the Chinese and the North Koreans, let’s fight it over there.”

    Given Guam’s geopolitical importance to the United States, would President Trump heed the result of the plebiscite?

    Mr Cruz said it would be within best interests of the US to do so.

    “Not only strategically but also to show the world that the United States really is not an imperialistic country as its critics contend it to be especially in China and Russia,” he said.

    “I hope that Donald Trump does hear our vote and I hope that it also expresses to him that it’s not that we’re clamouring for rebellion on Guam but that we desire to be treated equitably in the American tradition.”

    The United States entered into a Compact of Free Association with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands in 1986 and with Palau in 1994.

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